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  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Description also available in video format (attached below) Introduction The concept of Anatomy & Physiology helps us to understand the structure and functions of human body. Anatomy (defines the structure of the body) Physiology (defines the function of each structure) Types of anatomical study 1) Gross anatomy (study of large visible structure) Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Developmental anatomy Clinical anatomy 2) Microscopic anatomy (study of structure that are too small to see) Cytology (study of cells) Histology (study of tissues) Types of physiological studies Cell physiology Special physiology Systemic physiology Pathological physiology Levels of organization of a Human body Atoms (functional units of matter) Molecules (active chemicals) Organelles (structures inside a cell) Cells (smallest units of life) Tissue (group of similar cells) Organs (two or more tissue types working together) Organ systems (two or more organ...

 HEALTH INDICATORS     Description also available in video format (attached below) Introduction It can be defined as the "variables which measure the change", means an indicator is a variable that indicates or reflect a given situation. They help to measure- level up to which the objectives of a certain Programme are being attained or not. the health of a population things that influence the health Characteristics Valid (measure what the supposed to measure) Reliable (show same result in similar conditions) Sensitive (sensitive to change) Specific (reflect changes) Feasible (able to obtain data) Relevant (understanding of phenomenon of interest) Types  1) Mortality Indicators  Crude Death Rate Expectation of life Infant Mortality Rate Child Death Rate Maternal Mortality Ratio Disease Specific Death Rate Proportional Mortality Rate Case Fatality Rate Years of potential life lost (YPPL) 2) Morbidity Indicators Incidence (no. of new cases) Prevalence (old plus new ...

 CHANGING PATTERN OF DISEASE Description also available in video format (attached below) Introduction In simple words the changing pattern of a disease can be defined as the variations in number of cases, recoveries & deaths with respect to the time. "The diseases have not changed but their patterns have". Let's try to understand the above concept with the help of some examples- 1) Changing pattern of Swine Flu in India In 2015 the number of cases & deaths are 4259 & 299 respectively. After one year the pattern changes and the number of cases & deaths shifted to 178 & 26 in 2016. In 2017 their was a drastic change in the pattern which shows the increment of cases & deaths up to 38811 & 2270 respectively. The pattern shows the variations continuously and in 2020 the cases & deaths becomes 1132 & 18 respectively.  2) Changing pattern of Malaria in India The above picture clearly defines the changing pattern of malaria in India from 1995  ...

 DYNAMICS OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION Description also available in video format (attached below) Introduction The dynamics (way of movement) of disease transmission interlock in a cycle shown in below picture-  1) Infectious agent Any micro-organism that can cause any disease (pathogen) HIV (AIDS) Plasmodium falciparum (Malaria) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis) 2) Reservoir Any person, plant, insect, soil, animal. substance or a combination of these, in which an infectious agent lives and reproduce itself in a manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible (easy to be damaged) host, for example- Female Anopheles mosquito act as a reservoir for malaria parasite. # Types of Reservoir Human Reservoir  When a human is responsible to grow & transmit the infection and hence it act as a reservoir. a) Case (A person in a group having particular disease) b) Carrier (A person in a group having particular disease without showing any clinical sign & symptoms and hen...

  PUBLIC HEALTH Description also available in video format (attached below)  Introduction to Public Health # A sum of all official or government efforts to-  Promote  Protect &  Preserve the health of a community # An art through organized community efforts to- Prevent the disease Prolonging the life & Promoting the health # A process to assure the good & healthy quality of life by- Mobilization of resources Providing healthcare services & Implementing healthcare policies The Public Health System Public health cover's the following areas in its system- Community (A specific area consist of specific number of peoples) Health Care Delivery System (PHC, CHC, District Hospital etc) Employers & Business The Media Academia (teaching, studying and scientific work) Health infrastructure (Medical equipment's, Doctors, Nurses etc) Functions of Public Health To monitor health To investigate the disease To inform, educate & empower To mobilize commun...

 MODES OF INTERVENTION Description also available in video format (attached below) Introduction In terms of health the word "Intervention" can be easily defined as the attempt to intervene or interrupt the usual sequence of development of a disease and the word "Modes of Intervention" means the number of ways by which we can interrupt the development of a disease. The interventions can be done by the help of the following modes- 1) Health promotion It can be defined as the process of enabling the persons to increase control over and to improve health by the help of the following approaches- Health education Environmental modification Nutritional interventions Lifestyle & behavioral changes.  2) Specific protection It can be easily defines as a mode of intervention which aimed at specific protection just like- Immunization of Hepatitis-B Use of specific nutrients like Vitamin-D Chemoprophylaxis for Cancer 3) Early diagnosis & treatment In this mode of interve...

  CONCEPT OF PREVENTION Description also available in video format (attached below) Introduction The concept of prevention deals with the preventive measures that has been taken out to- Promote health Preserve health Restore health Minimize suffering  Minimize distress Levels of prevention 1) Primordial prevention In this level of prevention we have to prevent the development of risk factors of a specific disease in a community, which they have not yet appeared. Example Awareness programme on alcohol & smoking to prevent the risk of lungs cancer. 2) Primary prevention In this level of prevention we have to taken out the actions prior to the onset of disease, which can remove the possibility that the disease will ever occurs. Example Universal Immunization Programme to prevent the diseases like polio, Measles, Hepatitis-B etc. 3) Secondary prevention  In this level of prevention we have to taken out the actions which can halt the progress of  a disease and it's co...