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PHARMACODYNAMICS   Description also available in video format (attached below), for better experience use your desktop Introduction ·        Pharmacodynamics refers to the study of how drugs exert their effects on the body, including the biochemical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms involved. ·        It encompasses understanding how drugs interact with specific receptors or targets in the body to produce a therapeutic response or adverse effects. Drug Toxicity & Drug Allergy A. Drug Toxicity (Adverse Drug Reactions due to Overdose or Sensitivity) Definition : Toxicity occurs when a drug produces harmful, unwanted effects , especially when: Given in excessive doses, Accumulates in the body, or Reacts in a genetically susceptible individual. Types : Acute Toxicity : Develops soon after a single large dose . Example: Paracetamol overdose causing acute li...

PROCESS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION Description also available in video format (attached below), for better experience use your desktop Introduction Drug administration refers to the process of giving a medication to a patient in a prescribed dose, via a specific route, at proper intervals to achieve the desired therapeutic effect . General Principles of Drug Administration Right Patient – Verify patient identity. Right Drug – Administer exactly as prescribed. Right Dose – Measure accurately. Right Route – Oral, IV, IM, etc. Right Time – Maintain correct intervals. Right Documentation – Record administration details. Right Reason – Know the indication. Right Response – Monitor for effectiveness or side effects. Routes of Drug Administration Route Description Example Oral (PO) By mouth; convenient & safe Tablets, capsules ...

BIOTRANSFORMATION OF DRUGS (METABOLISM) Description also available in video format (attached below), for better experience use your desktop Introduction ·        Biotransformation is the chemical alteration of drugs in the body, It is also called drug metabolism . Purpose of Biotransformation To convert lipid-soluble drugs (which are hard to excrete) into water-soluble compounds (easily excretable via kidneys). To detoxify drugs and foreign substances (xenobiotics). To activate or deactivate drugs (e.g., prodrugs to active drugs). Sites of Biotransformation Organ Role in Metabolism Liver Primary site – rich in enzymes Kidneys Secondary site Lungs Some volatile drugs Plasma Enzyme-mediated changes Intestinal Mucosa First-pass metabolism Enzymes Involved in Biotransformation ...