Robotics in Healthcare

By Abdulla Israr & Simran Rani

Robotics in Healthcare

Introduction

·       Robotics in healthcare represents a transformative integration of advanced robotic technologies into medical practice, aiming to improve precision, safety, efficiency, and patient outcomes.

·       With the growing complexity of modern healthcare systems, robotics has become indispensable in areas such as minimally invasive surgeries, rehabilitation, and hospital support functions.

·       The use of robots reduces human error, enhances consistency, allows remote operations, and optimizes hospital workflows.

·       The three main domains of robotics in healthcare are surgical robotics, rehabilitation robotics, and hospital automation.

·       Each domain addresses specific challenges by supplementing human expertise with mechanical precision and artificial intelligence.

Surgical Robotics (Robot-Assisted Surgery)

·       Robot-assisted surgery involves the use of robotic systems controlled by surgeons to perform complex procedures with enhanced accuracy and minimal invasiveness.

Key Features

  • Precision & Dexterity: Robotic arms mimic the movements of a surgeon with micro-level precision.
  • 3D Visualization: Advanced imaging provides magnified, high-definition, three-dimensional views of the surgical site.
  • Minimally Invasive Approach: Requires smaller incisions, leading to faster recovery and reduced complications.

Types of Surgical Robots

  1. Master-Slave Robotic Systems (e.g., Da Vinci Surgical System): Surgeon controls robotic arms remotely using console.
  2. Semi-Autonomous Robots: Perform specific repetitive tasks (e.g., orthopedic bone cutting).
  3. AI-Assisted Robots: Use machine learning for surgical navigation and predictive decision-making.

Applications

  • General Surgery: Gallbladder removal, hernia repair.
  • Cardiac Surgery: Valve repair, coronary artery bypass.
  • Neurosurgery: Tumor resection, deep brain stimulation.
  • Orthopedics: Joint replacement (knee, hip).
  • Urology & Gynecology: Prostatectomy, hysterectomy.

Advantages

  • Reduced blood loss and infection risk.
  • Shorter hospital stays and faster patient recovery.
  • Enhanced ergonomics for surgeons, reducing fatigue.

Challenges

  • High cost of robotic systems and maintenance.
  • Need for specialized training and skill development.
  • Ethical and legal concerns regarding accountability in case of errors.

Rehabilitation Robotics

·       Rehabilitation robots assist patients in regaining physical and cognitive functions after injuries, strokes, or neurological disorders.

Key Features

  • Provide repetitive, task-specific training.
  • Enable objective assessment and progress monitoring.
  • Reduce physical workload of therapists.

Types of Rehabilitation Robots

  1. Exoskeletons: Wearable robotic devices that support and enhance limb movement (e.g., Ekso, ReWalk).
  2. End-Effector Robots: Patient interacts with a robotic device through handles or pedals that guide movement.
  3. Therapeutic Robots: Provide exercises for motor recovery and neuromuscular re-education.
  4. Assistive Robots: Support daily activities for patients with permanent disabilities.

Applications

  • Stroke Rehabilitation: Improve motor skills and coordination.
  • Spinal Cord Injury Recovery: Support walking and standing.
  • Elderly Care: Assist with mobility and fall prevention.
  • Pediatric Rehabilitation: Correct gait and posture in children with cerebral palsy or developmental disorders.

Advantages

  • High-intensity, consistent therapy sessions.
  • Increased motivation through interactive interfaces and gamification.
  • Improved long-term functional independence.

Challenges

  • High initial investment in robotic rehabilitation devices.
  • Limited accessibility in resource-poor healthcare settings.
  • Risk of over-reliance on machines, reducing human empathy.

Hospital Automation (Drug Delivery, Disinfection, Logistics)

·       Robots in hospitals improve operational efficiency by automating repetitive, labor-intensive, and hazardous tasks.

Applications

  1. Drug Delivery Robots
    • Autonomous robots deliver medications, IV fluids, and blood samples within hospitals.
    • Examples: TUG robots, Relay robots.
    • Benefits: Reduce nurse workload, ensure timely delivery, and maintain chain-of-custody for medications.
  2. Disinfection Robots
    • Robots equipped with UV-C light or hydrogen peroxide vapor for surface and air disinfection.
    • Especially crucial during COVID-19 for infection control.
    • Benefits: Minimize healthcare worker exposure, maintain sterile environments, reduce hospital-acquired infections (HAIs).
  3. Logistics and Supply Chain Robots
    • Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) for transporting linens, meals, surgical instruments, and waste.
    • Robotic pharmacy automation systems for accurate drug dispensing.
    • Drones in healthcare logistics for transporting blood, vaccines, and samples between facilities.

Advantages

  • Increased efficiency and accuracy in hospital operations.
  • Reduced infection risks by minimizing human contact.
  • Optimized staff time for direct patient care instead of routine tasks.

Challenges

  • Integration with existing hospital infrastructure.
  • Cybersecurity risks from network-connected robots.
  • Workforce resistance due to fear of job displacement.

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