Basic concepts of Pharmacology
- Pharmakon (Drug or Medicine)
- Logos (Science)
- Minerals (Paraffin, Magnesium sulfate)
- Animals (Insulin, Thyroid)
- Plants (Morphine, Quinine)
- Synthetic (Aspirin, Sulfonamides)
- Microbes (Penicillin & other antibiotics)
- Genetical engineering (Human insulin, Hormones)
- Tablets
- Capsules
- Injection
- Infusion
- Solution
- Cream
- Suspension
- Aerosol etc
- Oral (PCM tablet)
- Sublingual (Nitroglycerine tablet)
- Rectal (Dulcolax suppositories)
- Intravenous (Vancomycin Inj)
- Intramuscular (Testosterone Inj)
- Subcutaneous (Insulin Inj)
- Inhalational (Nitrous oxide)
- Intravaginal (Estrogen)
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacodynamics
- Absorption (moving of drug in blood stream)
- Distribution (moving of drug to various organs)
- Metabolism (breakdown of drug)
- Excretion (removal of drug from the body)
- Drug action (interaction of drug with the body cells)
- Drug effect (physiological reactions after the interaction of cell & drug)
- Onset time (time taken by drug to produce a therapeutic effect)
- Peak time (time taken by drug to reach at its maximum therapeutic response)
- Duration (time between the start and ending of a therapeutic response)
Terminology
Used in Pharmacology
·
Absorption (dissolution of a drug into the
blood)
·
AUC (Area Under Curve, measures of drug
exposure)
·
Bioavailability (fraction of an administered
dose that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged)
·
Bioequivalence (equal effect of two different
drugs on the same biological body)
·
Clearance (measures of drug elimination in
relation to the plasma)
·
Distribution Volume (factor that relates the
amount of drug in the body to the concentration of plasma)
·
GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate, kidney
function)
·
Metabolism (breakdown and formation of new
molecules)
·
Adverse Drug Reaction (undesirable effects of
a drug)
·
Genotype (genetic constitution of an
individual)
Classification
of Drugs
Abbreviations Used in Pharmacology
Drug Dose Calculation
·
Basic Formula
o
(D/H) x V = A
§ A= Calculated amount to be given to the client
§ D= Desired dose (drug dose ordered by the health care
provider)
§ V= Vehicle (drug form in which drug comes)
§ H= On hand (dose mentioned on the container)
·
Ratio and Proportion
o
H : V = D : X
§ H= on hand
§ V= Vehicle
§ D= Desired dose
§ X= Unknown amount to give
·
Fractional Equation
o
H/V = D/X
·
Body Weight
o
Client dose/day = (drug dose) x (body weight)
·
Body Surface Area
o
Client dose/day = (drug dose) x (square
metre)
Fried’s Rule
·
Applies to the child younger than 1yr of age
·
Child Dose = {Infant age (months) x Adult
average dose} x 150 months
Young’s Rule
·
Applies to children 1-12 years old
·
Child Dose = {Childs age (yrs) x Adult
average dose} x Childs age (yrs) + 12
Clark’s Rule
·
Uses child’s weight to calculate the dose and
assumes that the adult dose is based on 150 lb person
·
Child Dose = {Childs weight (pounds) x Adult
average dose} x 150lbs (pounds)
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