Radiology Services

By Abdulla Israr & Simran Rani

RADIOLOGY SERVICES

Introduction

·       Radiology is the branch of medicine that uses medical imaging techniques to diagnose and sometimes treat diseases within the body.

·       It plays a crucial role in modern healthcare by enabling non-invasive visualization of internal organs, tissues, and structures.

·       Radiology departments are vital components of hospitals and diagnostic centers, supporting clinicians in early detection, accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up evaluation.

·       Purpose: Diagnosis, monitoring, and interventional procedures.

·       Scope: Conventional X-ray, advanced imaging (CT, MRI), nuclear medicine, and interventional radiology.

·       Importance: Improves diagnostic accuracy, reduces need for exploratory surgeries, aids in early detection of cancer and other life-threatening diseases, supports emergency and trauma care.

 

Types of Radiological Services

1. Diagnostic Radiology

  • Conventional X-rays (e.g., chest, abdomen, bones)
  • Contrast studies (e.g., barium swallow, IVP, HSG)
  • CT (Computed Tomography) scans
  • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
  • Ultrasound and Doppler studies
  • Mammography
  • Nuclear Medicine (PET, SPECT scans)

2. Interventional Radiology

  • Minimally invasive procedures performed under imaging guidance.
  • Examples: Angioplasty, stenting, embolization, biopsy, drainage procedures, radiofrequency ablation.
  • Reduces need for open surgery.

3. Therapeutic Radiology

  • Radiation Therapy: Used for cancer treatment.
  • Linear accelerators, brachytherapy, cobalt units.

4. Emergency & Portable Radiology

  • Bedside/ICU radiographs
  • Mobile ultrasound & CT for trauma and critical care

Layout of Radiology Department

General Principles

  • Located on the ground floor, accessible from OPD, IPD, ICU, and Emergency.
  • Shielded rooms with lead-lined walls, doors, and protective barriers.
  • Clear segregation of clean areas (reporting, waiting) and contaminated areas (procedure rooms).
  • Shortest possible patient movement from entry to exit.

Typical Sections

  1. Reception & Registration – patient entry, billing, and scheduling.
  2. Waiting Area – comfortable seating, gender-separated, near toilets.
  3. Patient Preparation Area – gowning, IV line insertion, contrast preparation.
  4. Imaging Rooms – separate rooms for X-ray, CT, MRI, Ultrasound, Nuclear Medicine, Mammography.
  5. Control Room – with protective glass barrier for technologists.
  6. Darkroom/Digital Processing Room (for old setups, now mostly replaced by PACS).
  7. Reporting Rooms – radiologists’ workstations with PACS terminals.
  8. Equipment Rooms – housing machines with required ventilation and cooling.
  9. Recovery/Observation Area – for post-contrast monitoring or post-procedure care.
  10. Administrative Office & Staff Rooms – rest, changing, and reporting.

Facilities in Radiology Services

  • Diagnostic Imaging: Conventional X-rays, CT, MRI, Ultrasound, Mammography.
  • Digital Image Archiving: PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System).
  • Radiation Protection Measures: Lead aprons, thyroid shields, lead screens, dosimeters.
  • Patient Amenities: Waiting halls, wheelchair access, privacy screens, changing rooms.
  • Emergency Support: Crash cart, oxygen supply, suction machine.
  • Specialized Rooms:
    • Angiography Suite
    • Interventional Radiology Lab
    • Nuclear Medicine Suite (with hot lab)
    • Radiation Oncology Section

Equipment in Radiology

1. Conventional Imaging

  • X-ray machines (fixed & portable)
  • Fluoroscopy units
  • Mammography machines

2. Advanced Imaging

  • CT scanner
  • MRI scanner
  • Ultrasound machines (2D, 3D, Doppler)
  • PET-CT and SPECT-CT scanners

3. Interventional Radiology

  • Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) machines
  • Cath labs

4. Radiation Therapy

  • Linear accelerators
  • Cobalt therapy units
  • Brachytherapy applicators

5. Supportive Equipment

  • PACS & RIS (Radiology Information System)
  • Lead aprons, lead screens, thyroid shields, dosimeters
  • Emergency crash cart, oxygen cylinders, defibrillator

Staffing in Radiology Services

Key Personnel

  1. Radiologists (MD/DNB Radiology)
    • Interpret diagnostic images.
    • Perform interventional procedures.
    • Guide clinicians in diagnosis and management.
  2. Radiation Oncologists (for therapy units).
  3. Radiology Technologists / Radiographers
    • Operate X-ray, CT, MRI, and ultrasound machines.
    • Ensure radiation safety.
    • Prepare patients for imaging.
  4. Nuclear Medicine Technologists (for PET/SPECT scans).
  5. Nurses
    • Patient preparation, IV access, monitoring.
    • Assist in interventional procedures.
  6. Medical Physicists / Radiation Safety Officers
    • Calibrate machines.
    • Ensure compliance with radiation safety regulations.
    • Quality assurance testing.
  7. Support Staff
    • Receptionists, clerks, billing staff.
    • Patient transporters.
    • Cleaning and maintenance staff.

Video Description

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