Operating System

OPERATING SYSTEM

Introduction

·       An Operating System (OS) is system software that acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware.

·       It manages hardware resources and provides services for application software.

FEATURES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Feature	Description
1. Process Management	Handles creation, scheduling, and termination of processes.
2. Memory Management	Allocates and manages primary memory (RAM) among applications.
3. File System Management	Manages file storage, access, retrieval, and permissions.
4. Device Management	Controls and coordinates input/output (I/O) devices like keyboard, mouse, printer.
5. User Interface	Provides a command-line or graphical interface for interaction.
6. Security & Access Control	Protects data from unauthorized access using passwords, permissions, etc.
7. Multitasking	Allows multiple applications to run simultaneously (in modern OS).
8. Networking	Supports communication between computers through networks.
9. Error Detection & Handling	Detects and handles software or hardware errors.
10. Resource Allocation	Manages allocation of CPU, memory, and I/O resources efficiently.

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Type	Description	Examples
Batch OS	Executes batches of jobs without user interaction.	IBM OS/360
Time-Sharing OS	Allows multiple users to share system resources at once.	UNIX
Distributed OS	Manages multiple computers to appear as a single system.	Amoeba, LOCUS
Network OS	Manages networking capabilities between computers.	Novell NetWare
Real-Time OS	Offers immediate processing and response time.	RTLinux, VxWorks
Mobile OS	Specifically designed for smartphones/tablets.	Android, iOS

MS-DOS: Microsoft Disk Operating System

• MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System.
• It is a single-user, single-tasking, command-line-based operating system.
• First released by Microsoft in 1981.
• Predecessor to Windows; used widely in early PCs.

FEATURES OF MS-DOS

Feature	Description
Command-Line Interface (CLI)	Interacts with users via typed commands.
Single Tasking	Executes one program at a time.
File & Directory Management	Organizes data in files and folders.
Direct Hardware Access	Low-level access to hardware components.
Lightweight	Requires minimal system resources.
No Multitasking or GUI	Does not support multitasking or graphical UI.
Bootable from Disk	Can start from floppy or hard disk.

FUNCTIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF MS-DOS

Important MS-DOS Commands:

Command	Function
DIR	Lists files and directories in the current folder.
CD	Changes the current directory.
MD or MKDIR	Creates a new directory.
RD or RMDIR	Removes a directory (must be empty).
DEL	Deletes files.
COPY	Copies files from one location to another.
REN	Renames a file.
TYPE	Displays content of a text file.

Limitations of MS-DOS

• No GUI (difficult for beginners).
• No multitasking.
• No memory protection.
• No network support (in basic version).
• Not suitable for modern applications.

Applications in Hospitals

• Used historically for:
• Patient record storage in small setups.
• Lab data entry systems.
• Accounting and billing via text-based software.
• Now replaced by advanced GUI-based systems (Windows/Linux).

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