Epidemiology of Communicable Disease

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Respiratory Infections

Disease	Agent	Host	Environment	Incubation	Transmission	Symptoms	Diagnosis	Treatment	Control
Smallpox	Variola virus	Humans	Crowded, unsanitary	7–17 days	Droplet, contact	Fever, rash, pustules	PCR, culture	Supportive	Vaccination, isolation
Chickenpox	Varicella-zoster virus	Humans	Close-contact	10–21 days	Airborne, contact	Rash, fever, malaise	Clinical, PCR	Acyclovir	Vaccination, hygiene
Measles	Measles virus	Humans	Crowding, poor ventilation	10–14 days	Droplet, airborne	Fever, rash, Koplik spots	Serology, PCR	Supportive, Vitamin A	MMR vaccine
Rubella	Rubella virus	Humans	Close contact	14–21 days	Droplet, congenital	Rash, lymphadenopathy	Serology, PCR	Supportive	MMR vaccine
Mumps	Mumps virus	Humans	Overcrowding	12–25 days	Droplet	Parotid swelling, fever	Serology	Supportive	MMR vaccine
Influenza	Influenza virus A/B/C	Humans	Seasonal	1–4 days	Droplet, contact	Fever, sore throat	Rapid test, PCR	Oseltamivir	Vaccination
Diphtheria	C. diphtheriae	Humans	Poor sanitation	2–5 days	Droplet, contact	Sore throat, membrane	Culture, Elek test	Antitoxin, antibiotics	DPT vaccine
Whooping Cough	B. pertussis	Humans	Close-contact	7–10 days	Droplet	Severe cough with whoop	Culture, PCR	Macrolides	DPT vaccine
TB	M. tuberculosis	Humans	Overcrowded	2–12 weeks	Airborne	Chronic cough, weight loss	Sputum, GeneXpert	Anti-TB drugs	BCG vaccine
COVID-19	SARS-CoV-2	Humans	Close contact	2–14 days	Droplet, contact, airborne	Fever, cough, anosmia	PCR, antigen test	Antivirals, supportive	Vaccination, masks

Intestinal Infections

Disease	Agent	Host	Environment	Incubation	Transmission	Symptoms	Diagnosis	Treatment	Control
Polio	Poliovirus	Humans	Contaminated water	7–21 days	Feco-oral	Fever, paralysis	Stool, PCR	Supportive	OPV/IPV
Diarrhoea	E. coli, Rotavirus	Humans	Poor hygiene	1–7 days	Feco-oral	Loose stools, dehydration	Stool exam	ORS, antibiotics	Clean water
Cholera	Vibrio cholerae	Humans	Contaminated water	Hours–5 days	Feco-oral	Rice-water stools	Stool culture	ORS, antibiotics	Sanitation
Typhoid	Salmonella typhi	Humans	Contaminated food	7–14 days	Feco-oral	High fever, spots	Widal, blood culture	Antibiotics	Vaccination, hygiene
Amoebiasis	Entamoeba histolytica	Humans	Tropical poor areas	2–4 weeks	Feco-oral	Diarrhoea, cramps	Stool exam	Metronidazole	Sanitation

Arthropod-borne Infections

Disease	Agent	Host	Environment	Incubation	Transmission	Symptoms	Diagnosis	Treatment	Control
Dengue	Dengue virus	Humans	Mosquito-prone	4–10 days	Aedes mosquito	Fever, bleeding, rash	NS1, IgM	Supportive	Mosquito control
Malaria	Plasmodium spp.	Humans	Stagnant water	7–30 days	Anopheles mosquito	Fever, chills, anemia	Blood smear, RDT	ACT	Mosquito nets

Zoonotic Diseases

Disease	Agent	Host	Environment	Incubation	Transmission	Symptoms	Diagnosis	Treatment	Control
Rabies	Rabies virus	Dogs, Humans	Animal bites	1–3 months	Bite/saliva	Hydrophobia, confusion	Clinical, DFA	Post-exposure vaccine	Dog vaccination
Chikungunya	Chikungunya virus	Humans	Mosquito areas	2–12 days	Aedes mosquito	Fever, joint pain	PCR, IgM	Supportive	Mosquito control
Plague	Yersinia pestis	Rodents, Humans	Poor sanitation	1–7 days	Flea bites, droplets	Fever, buboes	Culture, serology	Streptomycin	Rodent control
Taeniasis	Taenia spp.	Humans	Undercooked pork	2–3 months	Ingestion of larvae	GI symptoms	Stool exam	Praziquantel	Meat inspection
Scrub Typhus	Orientia tsutsugamushi	Humans	Rural areas	6–21 days	Mite bite	Fever, eschar	IgM, PCR	Doxycycline	Avoid bushes

Surface Infections

Disease	Agent	Host	Environment	Incubation	Transmission	Symptoms	Diagnosis	Treatment	Control
Trachoma	C. trachomatis	Humans	Poor hygiene	5–12 days	Contact, flies	Eye discharge, blindness	Eye swab	Azithromycin	Facial hygiene
Tetanus	C. tetani	Humans	Soil wounds	3–21 days	Wound contamination	Spasms, rigidity	Clinical	Antitoxin, metronidazole	TT vaccine
Leprosy	M. leprae	Humans	Overcrowding	2–20 years	Droplet, contact	Skin lesions, nerve damage	Biopsy, smear	MDT	Early detection
STDs	Various	Humans	Unsafe sex	Varies	Sexual	Ulcers, discharge	Serology	Antibiotics, antivirals	Safe sex
AIDS	HIV	Humans	Body fluids	2–6 weeks	Sexual, blood	Immunosuppression	ELISA, WB	ART	Safe sex, ART

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