Basics of Computer

BASICS OF COMPUTER

Introduction

• A computer is an electronic device that processes data and performs tasks according to a set of instructions (called programs).
• It can store, retrieve, and process information quickly and accurately.
• Full form: Common Operating Machine Particularly Used for Technological and Educational Research.

Generations of Computers

Generation	Period	Technology Used	Key Features
1st	1940–1956	Vacuum Tubes	Bulky, slow, expensive, high electricity consumption
2nd	1956–1963	Transistors	Smaller, faster, cheaper, more reliable
3rd	1964–1971	Integrated Circuits	Greater speed and efficiency, low cost
4th	1971–Present	Microprocessors	Portable, more powerful, personal computers introduced
5th	Present & Future	AI & Quantum Computing	Machine learning, robotics, natural language processing

Characteristics of Computers

• Speed: Performs millions of instructions per second.
• Accuracy: High precision in calculations and data processing.
• Automation: Works automatically once programmed.
• Storage: Stores large volumes of data.
• Versatility: Used in various fields.
• Diligence: Does not get tired or distracted.
• Multitasking: Can perform multiple tasks at the same time.
• Communication: Shares data via networks (e.g., Internet, LAN).

Applications of Computers

• Education: e-Learning, simulations, research.
• Banking: ATM, online banking, records.
• Business: Payroll, inventory, communication.
• Health Care: Diagnostics, patient records, imaging.
• Engineering: CAD, simulations.
• Defense: Weapons control, simulations.

Classification of Computers

1. Computer Types

Type	Description	Example
Microcomputer	Personal use, single user	Desktop, Laptop
Minicomputer	Supports multiple users, used in labs	PDP, VAX
Mainframe	Large-scale computing, many users	IBM Z series
Supercomputer	Highest processing power for complex calculations	PARAM, Cray
Embedded	Built into other devices	Washing machine, ATM

 

2. Hardware

• Definition: Physical components of a computer.
• Examples:
• Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone
• Output Devices: Monitor, Printer, Speaker
• CPU (Central Processing Unit): Brain of the computer
• Motherboard, RAM, Hard Drive, Power Supply

3. Software

• Definition: Set of instructions that directs the hardware.
• Types:
• System Software: OS (Windows, Linux), device drivers
• Application Software: MS Office, Tally, Hospital Information Systems
• Utility Software: Antivirus, Disk Cleanup tools

4. Storage Devices

Storage Type	Description	Example
Primary	Temporary memory, fast access	RAM, ROM
Secondary	Permanent storage	Hard Disk, SSD, CD/DVD, USB
Tertiary	Archival storage	Cloud storage, magnetic tapes

 

5. Peripherals

• Input Peripherals: Devices that send data to the computer.
• E.g., Keyboard, Mouse, Barcode Scanner, Biometric Device
• Output Peripherals: Devices that receive output from the computer.
• E.g., Monitor, Printer, Speaker
• Input-Output Devices: Touchscreen, Modem

Applications of Computers in Hospitals

1. Hospital Administration

• Patient Registration & Billing
• Electronic Medical Records (EMR)
• Appointment Scheduling
• Medical Coding & Insurance
• Inventory and Purchase Management

2. Diagnostic Support

• Radiology: CT Scan, MRI, X-ray reports via PACS
• Laboratory Information System (LIS)
• ECG, EEG, Ultrasound interpretation

3. Clinical Care

• Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)
• Medication Order Entry (CPOE)
• Telemedicine and E-consultation

4. Research and Education

• Data Analysis for Epidemiology
• Medical Literature Access (PubMed)
• Online CME (Continuing Medical Education)

5. Communication

• Email, Messaging within departments
• Interdepartmental Coordination
• Public Health Reporting

6. Security and Surveillance

• CCTV monitoring
• Biometric access systems
• Data encryption and backups

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