Prefixes in Medical Terminology

By Abdulla Israr & Simran Rani

PREFIXES IN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Description also available in video format (attached below), for better experience use your desktop.

PREFIXES

·        Prefixes in medical terminology are added to the beginning of root words to modify their meanings.

Prefixes Related to Position and Direction

  1. Ab-: Away from
    • Example: Abduction (movement away from the midline).
  2. Ad-: Toward
    • Example: Adduction (movement toward the midline).
  3. Circum-: Around
    • Example: Circumcision (cutting around).
  4. Endo-: Inside, within
    • Example: Endoscopy (examination inside the body).
  5. Epi-: Upon, on
    • Example: Epidermis (outer layer of skin).
  6. Exo-: Outside
    • Example: Exoskeleton (external skeleton).
  7. Peri-: Around
    • Example: Pericardium (membrane around the heart).
  8. Sub-: Under, below
    • Example: Subcutaneous (under the skin).

Prefixes Related to Size and Quantity

  1. Hyper-: Excessive, above
    • Example: Hypertension (high blood pressure).
  2. Hypo-: Deficient, below
    • Example: Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
  3. Macro-: Large
    • Example: Macrocyte (large cell).
  4. Micro-: Small
    • Example: Microorganism (small organism).
  5. Poly-: Many
    • Example: Polyuria (excessive urination).
  6. Oligo-: Few, scanty
    • Example: Oliguria (low urine output).

Prefixes Related to Time

  1. Ante-: Before
    • Example: Antenatal (before birth).
  2. Post-: After
    • Example: Postoperative (after surgery).
  3. Pre-: Before
    • Example: Preoperative (before surgery).

Prefixes Related to Negation or Absence

  1. A-/An-: Without, not
    • Example: Anemia (without enough red blood cells).
  2. Anti-: Against
    • Example: Antibiotic (against bacteria).
  3. Dis-: Separation, removal
    • Example: Dislocation (displacement of a joint).

Prefixes Related to Color

  1. Cyano-: Blue
    • Example: Cyanosis (bluish discoloration).
  2. Leuko-: White
    • Example: Leukocyte (white blood cell).
  3. Erythro-: Red
    • Example: Erythrocyte (red blood cell).
  4. Melano-: Black
    • Example: Melanoma (tumor with dark pigmentation).

Prefixes Related to Condition or Status

  1. Brady-: Slow
    • Example: Bradycardia (slow heart rate).
  2. Tachy-: Fast
    • Example: Tachycardia (fast heart rate).
  3. Dys-: Abnormal, difficult
    • Example: Dyspnea (difficulty breathing).

Other Common Prefixes

  1. Auto-: Self
    • Example: Autoimmune (immune response against self).
  2. Hemi-: Half
    • Example: Hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body).
  3. Mono-: One
    • Example: Monocyte (a type of white blood cell).
  4. Multi-: Many
    • Example: Multinodular (having many nodules).

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