Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Diseases

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NON-COMMUNICABLE

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Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

• Burden:
• Leading cause of death globally (~17.9 million deaths/year).
• Major contributor to disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and healthcare costs.
• Includes coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and other heart conditions.
• Epidemicity:
• Increasing globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries due to lifestyle changes, urbanization, and aging populations.
• More than 75% of CVD deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
• Risk Factors:
• Behavioral: smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, alcohol use.
• Metabolic: high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia.
• Psychosocial stress and genetic predisposition.
• Prevention:
• Promoting healthy lifestyles (exercise, diet, quitting tobacco and alcohol).
• Public awareness campaigns and school health programs.
• Early detection and screening for risk factors.
• Control:
• National programs for NCDs.
• Policy measures (taxation on tobacco/alcohol, salt reduction initiatives).
• Access to essential drugs and technologies.
• Treatment:
• Lifestyle modification.
• Medications: antihypertensives, statins, antiplatelets.
• Surgical: angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

• Burden:
• Leading type of CVD; responsible for heart attacks and angina.
• High mortality and long-term disability rate.
• Epidemicity:
• Rising trend in urban populations.
• Accounts for majority of heart-related deaths.
• Risk Factors:
• High cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, sedentary life, unhealthy diet, family history.
• Prevention:
• Low-fat diet, physical activity, stress control, quitting smoking.
• Routine health checks to detect early risk.
• Control:
• Community-based interventions, government-supported screenings, use of mobile health services.
• Control of modifiable risk factors.
• Treatment:
• Medical: nitrates, statins, beta-blockers, antiplatelets.
• Interventional: angioplasty, CABG surgery.

Hypertension

• Burden:
• "Silent killer"; affects ~1.28 billion adults worldwide.
• Key contributor to heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure.
• Epidemicity:
• Prevalence increasing, especially in younger age groups and urban populations.
• Many remain undiagnosed and untreated.
• Risk Factors:
• High salt intake, obesity, sedentary life, family history, stress, alcohol.
• Prevention:
• Reduced salt intake, weight loss, physical activity, avoid tobacco and alcohol.
• Control:
• Screening programs at PHC level.
• Public education and accessible healthcare services.
• Treatment:
• Medications: ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics.
• DASH diet and lifestyle changes.

Stroke

• Burden:
• Second leading cause of death; 1 in 4 adults over 25 will have a stroke in their lifetime.
• Major cause of long-term disability.
• Epidemicity:
• Increasing in developing countries due to poor control of hypertension and diabetes.
• Higher mortality and disability than in developed nations.
• Risk Factors:
• High BP, diabetes, smoking, high cholesterol, obesity, atrial fibrillation.
• Prevention:
• Control of hypertension, smoking cessation, healthy diet, physical activity.
• Control:
• National stroke registries, rehabilitation centers, and acute stroke care units.
• Treatment:
• Acute: thrombolysis (within 4.5 hours), surgery for hemorrhagic stroke.
• Rehabilitation: physical, occupational, and speech therapy.

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)

• Burden:
• Affects over 39 million globally.
• Leading cause of heart disease in children and young adults in developing countries.
• Epidemicity:
• Endemic in poverty-stricken regions; linked to poor access to healthcare.
• Risk Factors:
• Untreated streptococcal throat infection, overcrowding, poor sanitation.
• Prevention:
• Primary: treat sore throat with penicillin.
• Secondary: regular antibiotics to prevent recurrence.
• Control:
• School health programs, access to antibiotics, awareness on sore throat dangers.
• Treatment:
• Penicillin prophylaxis, anti-inflammatory drugs, valve surgery in advanced cases.

Cancer

• Burden:
• 10 million deaths in 2020; increasing trend expected in next decades.
• Huge physical, emotional, and financial burden.
• Epidemicity:
• Increasing incidence worldwide; linked to lifestyle and environmental exposures.
• Risk Factors:
• Tobacco, alcohol, infections (HPV, HBV), radiation, diet, sedentary lifestyle, genetics.
• Prevention:
• Avoid tobacco, alcohol moderation, vaccines (HPV, Hep B), healthy diet.
• Occupational safety and environmental regulations.
• Control:
• Screening: cervical (Pap smear), breast (mammography), colonoscopy.
• Cancer registries and awareness campaigns.
• Treatment:
• Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy.

Diabetes

• Burden:
• 537 million people living with diabetes (mostly type 2); growing rapidly.
• Major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart disease, amputations.
• Epidemicity:
• Non-infectious epidemic due to rising obesity and sedentary lifestyles.
• Affects low- and high-income countries alike.
• Risk Factors:
• Overweight, physical inactivity, poor diet, family history, high BP and cholesterol.
• Prevention:
• Healthy weight, regular physical activity, balanced diet, avoiding sugary drinks.
• Control:
• National NCD programs, diabetic clinics, community awareness.
• Regular blood sugar monitoring.
• Treatment:
• Type 1: insulin. Type 2: oral drugs (metformin), insulin if needed.
• Diet, exercise, monitoring.

Obesity

• Burden:
• Over 650 million adults obese globally.
• Increases risk of diabetes, CVD, certain cancers, and mortality.
• Epidemicity:
• Growing faster in children and adolescents than adults.
• Driven by ultra-processed food, urban lifestyle.
• Risk Factors:
• Overeating, junk food, lack of physical activity, genetics, sleep deprivation.
• Prevention:
• Balanced diet, physical activity, nutrition education.
• Supportive environments (parks, healthy school meals).
• Control:
• Public health policies (tax on sugary drinks), food labeling, school-based interventions.
• Treatment:
• Diet plans, exercise, behavioral therapy.
• Severe cases: medications, bariatric surgery.

Blindness

• Burden:
• At least 2.2 billion people globally have vision impairment.
• Leading causes: cataract, uncorrected refractive errors.
• Epidemicity:
• Common in poor communities with limited access to eye care.
• Avoidable blindness accounts for >80% of cases.
• Risk Factors:
• Cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetes, vitamin A deficiency.
• Prevention:
• Routine eye checks, vitamin A for children, protective eyewear, diabetes control.
• Control:
• National Program for Control of Blindness (NPCB), vision screening, school programs.
• Treatment:
• Cataract surgery, eyeglasses, laser surgery, glaucoma drops or surgery.

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