Investigation of Epidemic

By Abdulla Israr & Simran Rani

INVESTIGATION OF EPIDEMIC


Description also available in video format (attached below)

Introduction

Occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at widespread level is called an epidemic, and there is a need  of investigation to take preventive actions that can reduce the widespread occurrence of the disease.


Objectives of Investigation

To find out the magnitude of the epidemic.

  • To mark the conditions and factors that are responsible for epidemic.
  • To determine the cause, source and mode of transmission of epidemic.
  • To enlist the ways for the control & preventive measures.

 

Steps of Epidemic Investigation

1.       Verification of Diagnosis

·        It is the clinical examination of a sample of cases

·        It also involves the pathological tests if necessary.

2.       Confirmation of Existence

·        The investigator compares the disease frequency from the previous year during same period.

·        In cases like cholera, hepatitis, food poisoning etc., comparison not required.

3.       Defining the Population at Risk

·        The investigator defines the population at risk of a specific geographical region by the help of a map.

·        The map contains the landmarks & roads information and location of dwelling units.

·        The population is being counted by the help of house to house visit.

4.       Search for all cases and their characteristics

·        The rapid search for all cases & their characteristics  can be done by the help of

a.      Medical Survey (screening of each member)

b.      Epidemiological case sheet (used to collect information of cases)

c.      Searching for more cases (continue until the area is declared as epidemic free)

5.       Data Analysis

·        The data should be analyzed on the basis of

a.      Time (helps to identify the pattern of disease)

b.      Place (helps to identify the common source of disease)

c.      Person (helps to determine the case fatality rate)

6.       Formulation of Hypothesis

·        After the data analysis  hypotheses are being prepared on the basis of

a.      Agent

b.      Host

c.      Environment

7.       Testing of Hypothesis

·        All valid hypotheses weighed by comparison method.

·        The comparison is of the attack rates in various groups for those

a.      Exposed to the suspected factor.

b.      Not exposed to the suspected factor.

8.       Further Investigations of Population at Risk

·        The sample of population at risk need to obtain the additional investigations such as

a.      Medical examination

b.      Screening tests

c.      Faeces & blood sample

d.      Examination of suspected food

e.      Biochemical studies etc.

9.       Writing a Report

·        In last a complete & convincing report has been prepared which includes

1.      Background Information

a.      Geographical location

b.      Climatic condition

c.      Normal disease prevalence

d.      Demographic status

2.      Historical Data

a.      It includes the data about  previous occurrence of epidemic of

                                                             i) Same disease locally

                                                             ii) Same disease elsewhere.

3.      Methodology of Investigation

a.      Case definition

b.      Questionnaire used

c.      Retrospective survey

d.      Prospective surveillance

e.      Laboratory techniques.

4.      Analysis of Data

a.      Frequency of symptoms and signs

b.      Course of disease

c.      Diagnosis

d.      Death

 

Video Description

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Comments

Saqlain Gulzar said…
God bless you sir
Good work keep it up
February 13, 2023 at 11:27 AM
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