Immunization

 IMMUNIZATION

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Introduction

It can be defined as a process which helps to protect an individual from a specific disease by the introduction of live or killed or weak organism in the body to create immunity.

• Immunity (ability to protect the body from affects of a specific disease)

• Active Immunity (produced by stimulating immune system by the help of antigen administration prior to the natural exposure of infection).
• Passive Immunity (readymade antibodies used to suppress the disease after exposure)

Immunizing Agents

Any organism or substance that helps to stimulate the immune response, when introduced in body and divided into two categories

• Vaccines
• Antisera

Vaccines

• These are the immunobiological substances which stimulates the active production of antibodies and provide specific protection against a specific disease.
• They are generally prepared from weak, inactive & killed organism, toxoids and extracellular fractions .
• The characteristics of an ideal vaccine are
• Induce permanent immunity
• Free of toxic substances
• Have minimal side effects
• Examples are BCG, Polio, Plague, Typhoid, Tetanus, DPT, MMR, etc.

National Immunization Schedule

A schedule that describe the dose, route, timing, administration of vaccine to be given to the human for preventing the affect of any specific disease.

National Immunization Schedule (NIS) for Infants, Children and Pregnant Women
Vaccine	When to give	Dose	Route	Site
For Pregnant Women
TT-1	Early in pregnancy	0.5 ml	Intra-muscular	Upper Arm
TT-2	4 weeks after TT-1*	0.5 ml	Intra-muscular	Upper Arm
TT- Booster	If received 2 TT doses in a pregnancy within the last 3 yrs*	0.5 ml	Intra-muscular	Upper Arm
For Infants
BCG	At birth or as early as possible till one year of age	0.1ml (0.05ml until 1 month age)	Intra-dermal	Left Upper Arm
Hepatitis B - Birth dose	At birth or as early as possible within 24 hours	0.5 ml	Intra-muscular	Antero-lateral side of mid-thigh
OPV-0	At birth or as early as possible within the first 15 days	2 drops	Oral	Oral
OPV 1, 2 & 3	At 6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks (OPV can be given till 5 years of age)	2 drops	Oral	Oral
Pentavalent 1, 2 & 3	At 6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks (can be given till one year of age)	0.5 ml	Intra-muscular	Antero-lateral side of mid-thigh
Rotavirus#	At 6 weeks, 10 weeks & 14 weeks (can be given till one year of age)	5 drops	Oral	Oral
IPV	Two fractional dose at 6 and 14 weeks of age	0.1 ml	Intra dermal two fractional dose	Intra-dermal: Right upper arm
Measles /MR 1st Dose$	9 completed months-12 months. (can be given till 5 years of age)	0.5 ml	Sub-cutaneous	Right upper Arm
JE - 1**	9 completed months-12 months.	0.5 ml	Sub-cutaneous	Left upper Arm
Vitamin A (1st dose)	At 9 completed months with measles- Rubella	1 ml ( 1 lakh  IU)	Oral	Oral
For Children
DPT booster-1	16-24 months	0.5 ml	Intra-muscular	Antero-lateral side of mid-thigh
Measles/ MR 2nd dose $	16-24 months	0.5 ml	Sub-cutaneous	Right upper Arm
OPV Booster	16-24 months	2 drops	Oral	Oral
JE-2	16-24 months	0.5 ml	Sub-cutaneous	Left Upper Arm
Vitamin A*** (2nd to 9th dose)	16-18 months. Then one dose every 6 months up to the age of 5 years.	2 ml (2 lakh  IU)	Oral	Oral
DPT Booster-2	5-6 years	0.5 ml.	Intra-muscular	Upper Arm
TT	10 years & 16 years	0.5 ml	Intra-muscular	Upper Arm

Reactions shown after Vaccination

• Mild fever
• Local Pain
• Malaise
• Irritability
• Rashes etc.

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