Epidemiological approach

By Abdulla Israr & Simran Rani

 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL  APPROACH


Description also available in video format (attached below)

Introduction

The various studies of epidemiology focuses to find out the following aspects

  • Disease nature
  • Causative agent
  • Infection source
  • Communicability period
  • Transmission mode
  • Period of incubation
  • Prevention and Control methods
And all the above aspects can be easily find out by the help of two epidemiological approaches
  • Asking questions
  • Making comparisons
1) Asking Questions


This approach helps to extract out the information about various epidemiological aspects by the help of questionnaire and divided into two categories-

a) Questions related to health events
  • What are the potential health problems, it's manifestations and characteristic's? 
  • Who are affected by disease with reference to sex, age, social class etc.?
  • Where are they occur in terms of place?
  • Which population is at risk?
  • When does it happen in terms of month, year, season etc.?
  • Why does it happen in terms of causing factors?
  • Which problems have decrease?
  • Which problems are increasing or have a risk to increase?
b) Questions related to health actions
  • What steps can be taken to reduce the problem and it's consequences?
  • How can it be prevented in future?
  • What actions should be taken to prevent and manage the problem?
  • Where and for whom these activities carried out?
  • How to organize the activities?
  • What difficulties may arise and how to handle them?

2) Making Comparisons


This approach helps to extract out the information about various epidemiological aspects by the help of making comparison between different population's, sub group's and various period of observation at a given time by the help of following tools-

a) Case Count   
  • It refers to the number of cases of a disease.
  • For an example:- Number of cases of still births.
  • It helps in allocation of healthcare resources.
b) Rate
  • It refers to the occurrence of some specific events in a population during a given period of time.
  • For an example:- Death rate, Birth rate etc.
  • Expressed as:- x/y*1000 (Number of deaths in one year/Mid year population of same year)*1000
c) Ratio
  • It refers to the measurement by using two variables (X&Y) and it is obtained by dividing one variable from another.
  • For an example:- Sex ratio, Doctor population ratio, Child woman ratio etc.
  • Expressed as:- X:Y 
d) Proportion
  • It is a ratio where the numerator is included in denominator
  • For an example:- In Dehradun 100 number of HIV cases found in the month of January out of which 20 are Men's and 80 are Women's. Hence the proportion of HIV Men's is (20/100)*100 or 20%.
  • Generally expressed in terms of %.
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