Individual Behaviour

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Introduction

·       Individual behaviour refers to how a person responds to various situations and stimuli in an organization or environment.

·       It is influenced by internal traits and external factors such as upbringing, social norms, and work conditions.

·       Understanding individual behaviour helps in:

·        Predicting responses

·        Managing workforce diversity

·        Enhancing productivity

·        Effective leadership and motivation

Biographical Characteristics

·       These are personal characteristics that are objective and easily obtained from an individual’s records.

·       Though simple, they influence workplace behaviour and performance.

Key characteristics

Biographical Characteristic	Influence on Behaviour
Age	Older employees may have more experience and maturity; younger may be more adaptive.
Gender	Stereotypes exist, but modern workplaces promote equal opportunities and diversity.
Marital Status	Married employees may have higher stability but may also face work-life balance issues.
Tenure	Longer tenure often correlates with organizational commitment and lower turnover.
Education	Higher education can enhance cognitive abilities, decision-making, and openness to change.

Learning

·       Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience or practice.

Theories of Learning

Theory	Explanation	Application
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)	Learning through association (stimulus–response).	Training, behaviour shaping.
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)	Behaviour is shaped by rewards or punishments.	Performance incentives, discipline.
Cognitive Learning	Focuses on internal thought processes.	Training through problem-solving, reasoning.
Social Learning (Bandura)	Learning through observing others.	Role modeling, mentoring, on-the-job training.

Values
Values are stable, long-lasting beliefs about what is important in a variety of life situations.

Characteristics of Values

• Influence attitudes and behaviour
• Develop from culture, upbringing, religion, education
• Tend to be stable over time

Types of Values

Type	Examples
Terminal Values	End goals of life (e.g., happiness, success, self-respect)
Instrumental Values	Means to achieve terminal values (e.g., honesty, hard work, discipline)

Importance in Organization

• Shared values foster teamwork
• Value conflicts may lead to dissatisfaction
• Helps in aligning personal and organizational goals

Attitudes
Attitudes are evaluative statements—favorable or unfavorable—about objects, people, or events.

Components of Attitudes (ABC Model):

Component	Meaning	Example
Affective	Emotional feeling	“I feel happy working here.”
Behavioural	Intention to act	“I will recommend this job to others.”
Cognitive	Beliefs/thoughts	“I think my manager is fair.”

Types of Work-Related Attitudes

• Job Satisfaction: Positive feeling about the job.
• Organizational Commitment: Emotional attachment to the organization.
• Job Involvement: Degree of engagement in one’s job.
• Employee Engagement: Passion and commitment toward work.

Summary Table

Aspect	Core Focus	Impact on Individual Behaviour
Biographical Characteristics	Personal attributes	Predict performance & absenteeism
Learning	Acquiring knowledge or behaviour	Skill development, productivity
Values	Beliefs about what is right	Influence decision-making, culture fit
Attitudes	Positive/negative evaluations	Affect motivation, satisfaction, and performance

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