Operation Theatre Designing Concept

By Abdulla Israr & Simran Rani

OPERATION THEATRE DESIGNING CONCEPT

Description also available in video format (attached below), for better experience use your desktop.

Introduction

1. Design and Function of Operation Theatre (OT)

Meaning of Operation Theatre

An Operation Theatre (OT) is a specialized, sterile area of a hospital designed for performing surgical procedures under controlled environmental conditions to ensure patient safety, infection control, and efficient surgical workflow.

A. Design of Operation Theatre

The design of an OT focuses on asepsis, safety, efficiency, and comfort for patients and staff.

1. Location

  • Usually located near:

    • ICU

    • Emergency department

    • CSSD (Central Sterile Supply Department)

  • Should have restricted access to minimize contamination

  • Located away from general traffic areas

2. Physical Layout

A standard OT complex includes:

  • Operation rooms

  • Pre-operative room

  • Post-operative recovery room

  • Scrub area

  • Anesthesia room

  • Clean and dirty utility rooms

  • Store rooms

  • Changing rooms

  • Staff rest rooms

3. Structural Design

  • Walls & Floors: Smooth, seamless, non-porous, anti-skid, easy to clean

  • Ceiling: Seamless, dust-proof, with concealed lighting

  • Doors: Sliding, hermetically sealed to maintain air pressure

  • Corners: Rounded to prevent dust accumulation

4. Environmental Controls

  • Temperature: 20–24°C

  • Humidity: 40–60%

  • Ventilation:

    • Laminar airflow

    • Positive air pressure

    • HEPA filters (99.97% efficiency)

  • Lighting:

    • Shadowless surgical lights

    • Adequate ambient lighting

5. Safety and Utilities

  • Medical gas pipelines (oxygen, nitrous oxide, suction)

  • Uninterrupted power supply (UPS)

  • Emergency power backup

  • Fire safety systems

  • Radiation shielding (for C-arm usage)

B. Functions of Operation Theatre

  1. Performance of sterile surgical procedures

  2. Maintenance of aseptic environment

  3. Patient monitoring during surgery

  4. Safe administration of anesthesia

  5. Efficient coordination among surgical team

  6. Infection prevention and control

  7. Emergency surgical care

2. Advantages and Importance of Zoning of Operation Theatre

Meaning of Zoning

Zoning of OT refers to dividing the OT complex into different areas based on degree of cleanliness and sterility to minimize infection risk.

Types of OT Zones

1. Protective Zone (Outer Zone)

  • Entry area

  • Changing rooms

  • Reception

  • Patient transfer area

2. Clean Zone

  • Pre-op room

  • Scrub area

  • Anesthesia room

  • Clean corridors

3. Sterile Zone

  • Operation theatre rooms

  • Sterile store

4. Disposal / Dirty Zone

  • Dirty utility

  • Waste disposal area

  • Soiled linen area

Advantages of Zoning

  1. Reduces Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs)

  2. Prevents cross-contamination

  3. Controls movement of staff and materials

  4. Maintains sterility of surgical area

  5. Improves workflow efficiency

  6. Facilitates effective infection control practices

  7. Ensures compliance with accreditation standards (NABH/JCI)

Importance of Zoning

  • Creates unidirectional flow of:

    • Patients

    • Staff

    • Instruments

  • Enhances surgical safety

  • Supports aseptic techniques

  • Makes supervision and monitoring easier

  • Essential for large hospitals and multispecialty centers

3. Advantages of Centralized OT Complex

Meaning of Centralized OT

A Centralized OT Complex is a group of multiple operation theatres located in a single controlled area of the hospital, serving various surgical specialties.

Advantages of Centralized OT Complex

1. Optimal Utilization of Resources

  • Shared equipment

  • Centralized staff

  • Reduced duplication of facilities

2. Better Infection Control

  • Uniform standards of cleanliness

  • Controlled traffic flow

  • Easier monitoring and supervision

3. Cost Effectiveness

  • Reduced construction and maintenance costs

  • Shared HVAC, gas pipelines, and sterilization units

4. Improved Workflow and Efficiency

  • Faster patient transfer

  • Better coordination among departments

  • Centralized scheduling of surgeries

5. Enhanced Patient Safety

  • Proximity to ICU, recovery room, and emergency services

  • Quick response to surgical emergencies

6. Easy Supervision and Management

  • Better administrative control

  • Simplified staffing and duty rosters

  • Quality assurance and audit facilitation

7. Compliance with Accreditation Standards

  • Meets NABH and JCI requirements

  • Easier implementation of SOPs and protocols


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