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Information System

By Abdulla Israr & Simran Rani
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INFORMATION SYSTEM Introduction ·        An Information System (IS) is a structured arrangement of people, processes, data, and technology designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision-making and control in an organization. Operating Elements of IS These are the core components that make an IS functional Element Description Hardware Physical devices like servers, computers, networking equipment, printers, etc. Software Programs and applications used to process data (e.g., database systems, MIS software). Data Raw facts and figures that are processed into meaningful information. People Users who interact with the system (end-users, IT staff, analysts). Processes/Procedures Rules and guidelines for operating and using the system efficiently. Networks ...
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Product

By Abdulla Israr & Simran Rani
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PRODUCT Introduction ·        A product is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a want or need. ·        It includes physical goods, services, experiences, events, persons, places, organizations, ideas , or a combination of these. Types of Products Consumer Products : Bought by final consumers (e.g., food, clothing, appliances). Industrial Products : Bought for further processing or use in business (e.g., raw materials, machinery). Levels of a Product (According to Philip Kotler): Core Product – The basic benefit or value (e.g., communication in a mobile phone). Actual Product – The tangible product (e.g., brand, design, packaging). Augmented Product – Additional services (e.g., warranty, delivery, after-sales). Product Line ·        A product line is a group of related products marketed under a sing...
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Consumer & Marketing

By Abdulla Israr & Simran Rani
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CONSUMER & MARKETING Introduction Consumer: Any individual or group who purchases goods or services for personal use. Marketing: A business process that involves identifying, anticipating, and satisfying customer needs profitably. Consumer Behavior ·        Consumer behavior refers to the study of how individuals, groups, or organizations select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. Importance in Marketing Helps in understanding what consumers want. Enables effective segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP). Guides product development, pricing, promotion, and distribution decisions. Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior a. Psychological Factors Perception Motivation Learning Beliefs and Attitudes b. Personal Factors Age, income, lifestyle, occupation, education c. Social Factors Family, ...
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System and It's Models

By Abdulla Israr & Simran Rani
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SYSTEM & IT’S MODELS Introduction Concept of Systems ·         A system is a set of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process. Characteristics of a System Purpose/Goal : Every system has an objective. Components : Composed of interconnected parts. Interrelationships : Components are interdependent. Boundaries : Distinct from its environment. Input and Output : Receives inputs, processes them, and produces outputs. Feedback : Mechanism for self-regulation. Environment : Interacts with external systems or surroundings. Types of Systems ·         Based on Interaction with Environment Type Description Open System Interacts with the environment (e.g., a business firm) Closed System ...
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