Information Keeda

1. Attempt any two of the following: (a) Write a detailed note on models of drug administration. Oral Route : Common and non-invasive. Includes tablets, capsules, and syrups. Advantages : Easy to use, economical, safe. Disadvantages : First-pass metabolism, delayed onset. Parenteral Route : Includes intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections. Advantages : Bypasses first-pass effect, rapid action. Disadvantages : Invasive, requires sterile conditions. Topical Route : Applied directly to skin or mucous membranes. Advantages : Localized effect, minimal side effects. Disadvantages : Limited systemic absorption. Inhalation Route : Drugs delivered via respiratory tract. Advantages : Rapid absorption, useful for respiratory diseases. Disadvantages : Requires proper technique. Sublingual and Buccal Routes : Placed under the tongue or in the cheek. Advantages : Avoids first-pass metabolism, rapid onset. Disadvantages : Limited to specific d...

PRESCRIBING Description also available in video format (attached below), for better experience use your desktop. Prescriptive Role of Nurse Practitioners (Introduction) ·        Nurse practitioners (NPs) have a crucial role in patient care, which includes the ability to prescribe medications. ·        This responsibility is granted through legislation and professional practice acts, which vary from region to region. ·        Their prescriptive authority allows them to assess, diagnose, and manage patient health conditions with the aid of medications. ·        Nurse practitioners must ensure that they follow established guidelines and maintain patient safety throughout the prescribing process. Legal and Ethical Issues Related to Prescribing Legal Issues : Licensure and Certification : NPs must hold appropriate credentials to legal...

COMMONLY USED DRUGS Description also available in video format (attached below), for better experience use your desktop. Introduction Top of Form Top of Form ·        Drugs are chemical substances used to treat, prevent, or diagnose diseases. ·        They play a vital role in managing various common ailments, ranging from infections to chronic diseases like hypertension or diabetes. ·        Their proper use is essential to achieve therapeutic outcomes and prevent complications. Definition ·        A drug can be defined as any chemical substance that, when absorbed into the body, alters the normal physiological functions. ·        In medical terms, drugs are primarily used for the treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of diseases. Classification Therapeutic effect (e.g., analgesics, antihypertensives) Pharmacologica...

IMMUNOSTIMULANTS Description also available in video format (attached below), for better experience use your desktop. Introduction Top of Form Top of Form ·        Immunostimulants are agents that stimulate or boost the immune system, enhancing its ability to fight infections, diseases, or other pathological conditions. ·        These agents are used in various medical scenarios, such as in individuals with weakened immune systems, to prevent infections or as part of cancer therapy. ·        Immunostimulants play a vital role in modulating the immune system, especially in cases where the body's natural defense mechanisms are compromised. ·        They are used to treat conditions like immunodeficiencies, cancer, chronic infections, and more. ·        The immune system includes innate immunity (non-specific) and adaptive immun...

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS Description also available in video format (attached below), for better experience use your desktop. Introduction Top of Form Top of Form ·        Immunosuppressants are a class of drugs that inhibit or prevent the activity of the immune system. ·        These drugs are primarily used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and tissues and to treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. Definition ·        Immunosuppressants are drugs or substances that reduce the strength of the body’s immune system by inhibiting the activity of immune cells, including T cells and B cells. ·        This suppression is crucial in preventing the body from rejecting transplanted organs or tissues and in managing autoimmune diseases. Classification Calcineurin Inhibitors Examples: Cyclosp...